Microalgae: Spirulina, Chlorella and Co - as raw materials, biomass and food

Microalgae such as spirulina and chlorella are valuable dietary supplements with numerous health benefits. They provide a rich source of nutrients and can contribute to improving overall health and well-being when used correctly and in appropriate dosage.

Table of Contents

1. Microalgae – briefly explained
2. What are microalgae?
3. What types of microalgae are there? Occurrence, use, and production of microalgae
4. What ingredients do microalgae contain?
5. What are the health benefits of spirulina and chlorella as food?
6. Microalgae effects, applications and side effects
7. Frequently Asked Questions
8. Conclusion

1. Microalgae – briefly explained

Microalgae are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms found in fresh and salt water. They are among the oldest life forms on Earth and are known for their high nutrient density. Unlike macroalgae, such as seaweed, microalgae are only visible with a microscope.

There are thousands of microalgae species, but the best known and most commonly used in dietary supplements are spirulina and chlorella. Spirulina is a cyanobacteria, often referred to as blue-green algae, while chlorella is a green microalgae. Spirulina thrives in alkaline saltwater, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. Chlorella is found in freshwater and is cultivated worldwide.

Microalgae are extremely nutrient-rich. They contain a variety of vitamins, minerals, proteins, fatty acids, and antioxidants. Spirulina is particularly rich in proteins (up to 70% of its dry weight), beta-carotene, vitamin B12, iron, and gamma-linolenic acid. Chlorella is known for its high content of chlorophyll, vitamin C, beta-carotene, iron, and zinc. Both microalgae also contain essential amino acids and omega-3 fatty acids.

The health benefits of microalgae are numerous. Spirulina and chlorella support the immune system, promote detoxification, and improve digestion. Spirulina can help regulate blood sugar levels, lower cholesterol, and increase endurance. Chlorella is often valued for its ability to remove heavy metals and other toxins from the body, boost the immune system, and promote wound healing. Both algae can contribute to improving overall health and well-being.

Microalgae are available in various forms, including powders, tablets, capsules, and liquid extracts. The recommended dosage varies depending on the product and individual needs. For spirulina, the daily dose is often between 3 and 10 grams, while for chlorella, 2 to 5 grams is recommended. It is advisable to start with a lower dose and gradually increase it to allow the body to acclimate to the algae. Powders can be mixed into smoothies, juices, or yogurt, while tablets and capsules are taken with water.

When purchasing microalgae products, it is important to pay attention to their quality and origin. Products from certified organic farming are preferred because they are free of pesticides and contaminants. It is important to be aware of any allergies or intolerances. Some people may be sensitive to microalgae and develop digestive problems or allergic reactions. Pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as people with autoimmune diseases, should consult a physician before taking microalgae. Furthermore, the recommended daily dose should not be exceeded to avoid side effects .

2. What are microalgae?

Microalgae are microscopic, single-celled organisms that feed primarily through photosynthesis, similar to plants. They are among the oldest life forms on Earth and have played a crucial role in the evolution of life and the atmosphere. Their ability to absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen makes them important players in the global carbon cycle. Microalgae are diverse in their structure, function, and ecology and are found in both freshwater and saltwater environments.

3. What types of microalgae are there? Occurrence, use, and production of microalgae

There is an enormous diversity of microalgae found in various aquatic habitats. Some of the best known and most widely used species include:

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima):

Occurrence: Spirulina thrives in alkaline saltwater lakes, especially in tropical and subtropical regions such as Africa, Asia and Central America.

Characteristics: Spirulina is a cyanobacteria, often mistakenly called blue-green algae. It has a spiral, thread-like structure and is known for its deep green to blue-green color.

Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris):

Occurrence: Chlorella is a freshwater algae found in standing waters worldwide. It is also cultivated on a large scale.

Characteristics: Chlorella is a green microalgae with spherical cells. It contains high amounts of chlorophyll, which gives it a deep green color.

Dunaliella salina:

Occurrence: This algae occurs in extremely saline waters, such as salt lakes and salt pans.

Characteristics: Dunaliella salina is known for its ability to produce high concentrations of beta-carotene, which gives it an orange to reddish color.

Haematococcus pluvialis:

Distribution: This algae lives in temporary freshwater puddles and ponds, often under extreme environmental conditions.

Characteristics: Haematococcus pluvialis produces astaxanthin, a powerful antioxidant that gives the algae a reddish color.

Nannochloropsis:

Distribution: Nannochloropsis species are marine microalgae found in coastal and open ocean environments.

Characteristics: They are known for their high content of omega-3 fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).

Ecological significance and use

Microalgae are not only known for their health benefits but also play a crucial role in ecosystems. They form the basis of many aquatic food webs and contribute significantly to global oxygen production. Their ability to bind carbon dioxide also makes them interesting for biotechnological use in the field of CO₂ capture and biofuel production.

In addition to their ecological functions, microalgae are used in the food, cosmetic, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries. Their high nutrient density and diverse bioactive compounds make them valuable resources for various industrial applications. For example, Spirulina and Chlorella are frequently marketed as dietary supplements, while Dunaliella salina and Haematococcus pluvialis are valued for their high levels of carotenoids and antioxidants.

4. What ingredients do microalgae contain?

Microalgae are known for their impressive nutrient density and diversity of bioactive compounds. Here are the key ingredients found in the most common microalgae, such as Spirulina, Chlorella, Dunaliella salina, and Haematococcus pluvialis:

Proteins:

Spirulina: Spirulina is extremely rich in protein, containing up to 70% of its dry weight. These proteins are of high biological value and contain all essential amino acids.

Chlorella: Chlorella contains about 50-60% protein and is also an excellent source of essential amino acids.

Vitamins:

Vitamin B complex: Both spirulina and chlorella are rich in B vitamins, including B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6, and B12. Research has shown that spirulina contains significant amounts of vitamin B12. However, some studies have found that most of this vitamin in spirulina is present in the form of B12 analogues, which are not usable by the human body. Chlorella contains vitamin B12, and unlike spirulina, there is evidence that it is partially present in a bioactive form in chlorella.

Vitamins C and E: Chlorella contains significant amounts of vitamins C and E, which have antioxidant properties.

Beta-carotene: Spirulina and Dunaliella salina are rich in beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, which is important for vision and the immune system.

Minerals and trace elements:

Iron: Spirulina and chlorella are excellent sources of iron, making them particularly valuable for vegetarians and vegans.

Calcium, magnesium and zinc: These minerals are present in significant amounts in both algae and play a role in many bodily functions, including bone health and the immune system.

Fatty acids:

Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids: Spirulina contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a rare omega-6 fatty acid. Chlorella and Nannochloropsis contain high amounts of omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).

Antioxidants:

Phycocyanin: A unique blue pigment in spirulina that has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Astaxanthin: A red pigment found in Haematococcus pluvialis and considered one of the most powerful antioxidants known.

Chlorophyll: Both spirulina and chlorella have high levels of chlorophyll, which gives them detoxifying properties.

Polysaccharides:

Chlorellan: A unique polysaccharide complex in chlorella that can boost the immune system and support detoxification.

Pigments:

Carotenoids: In addition to beta-carotene, microalgae such as Dunaliella salina contain various carotenoids that have antioxidant properties and contribute to skin and eye health.

Fiber:

Chlorella: This algae also contains a significant amount of fiber, which can aid digestion and contribute to detoxification.

5. What are the health benefits of spirulina and chlorella as food?

Microalgae offer a variety of health benefits due to their rich nutrient composition and bioactive compounds. Here are some of the key health benefits offered by microalgae such as Spirulina, Chlorella, Dunaliella salina, and Haematococcus pluvialis:

Strengthening the immune system

Spirulina and Chlorella: Both algae are rich in antioxidants such as beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, which help strengthen the immune system and reduce oxidative stress.

Phycocyanin: A pigment in spirulina that has anti-inflammatory properties and may boost the immune system.

Detoxification of the body

Chlorella: Chlorella is known for its ability to bind and eliminate heavy metals and other toxins from the body thanks to its high chlorophyll content.

Chlorophyll: Supports liver detoxification and the elimination of harmful substances.

Improve digestion

Fiber: Chlorella contains fiber, which aids digestion and supports intestinal health.

Probiotic effect: Some studies suggest that chlorella may promote the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria.

Supporting heart health

Omega-3 fatty acids: Microalgae such as Nannochloropsis contain omega-3 fatty acids, which can help lower cholesterol and promote heart health.

Lower blood lipid levels: Spirulina can lower LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol, contributing to a healthier cardiovascular system.

Improve endurance and performance

Proteins: The high protein content in spirulina supports muscle building and regeneration.

Iron: Spirulina and chlorella provide bioavailable iron, which is important for blood formation and oxygen transport in the body, leading to improved endurance.

Skin health

Antioxidants: Carotenoids such as beta-carotene and astaxanthin from Dunaliella salina and Haematococcus pluvialis protect the skin from damage caused by free radicals and UV radiation.

Anti-inflammatory properties: The anti-inflammatory compounds in microalgae can help relieve skin problems such as acne and eczema.

Supports eye and brain health

Beta-carotene and lutein: These carotenoids are important for eye health and may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Omega-3 fatty acids: Contribute to brain function and may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

Support blood sugar management

Blood sugar levels: Studies have shown that spirulina can help regulate blood sugar levels, which may be especially beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes.

6. Microalgae effects, applications and side effects

Microalgae such as spirulina and chlorella are versatile and available in various dosage forms, including powders, tablets, capsules, and liquid extracts. Powders can be easily mixed into smoothies, juices, water, or other beverages, and can also be stirred into foods such as yogurt, cereal, or soups. Tablets and capsules offer a convenient way to accurately measure dosages and are particularly suitable for those who dislike the taste of algae. Liquid extracts are concentrated forms that can be diluted in water or other beverages.

The recommended daily intake for spirulina is often between 3 and 10 grams, depending on individual needs and health goals. Beginners are advised to start with about 1-2 grams per day and increase the amount slowly. Chlorella typically has a daily recommended intake of 2 to 5 grams, again with a slow increase for newbies. Algae such as Dunaliella salina and Haematococcus pluvialis, valued for their antioxidants like beta-carotene and astaxanthin, are often taken in smaller amounts of about 200-500 milligrams per day.

Powdered microalgae can be mixed into liquids such as water, juice, or smoothies, while tablets and capsules are taken with plenty of water. This is especially convenient for on-the-go use. Liquid extracts offer a rapidly absorbed form of nutrients and can be easily diluted in water or juice. Many people prefer to take them in the morning to start the day with a nutritional boost.

It's important to start with a lower dose and gradually increase it to allow your body to adapt to the algae and avoid potential digestive problems. Pay attention to the quality and origin of the microalgae products. Certified organic products are preferred because they are less likely to be contaminated. Potential allergies and intolerances should also be taken into account. Spirulina and chlorella, for example, naturally contain sulfites. At the first signs of allergic reactions or digestive problems, discontinue use and consult a doctor. Pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as people with certain health conditions, should seek medical advice before taking microalgae.

7. Frequently asked questions:

What are the benefits of algae – spirulina, chlorella, etc.?

Microalgae such as spirulina and chlorella provide abundant protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They strengthen the immune system, support detoxification, promote digestion, and improve heart and skin health.

Chlorella and Spirulina – what properties do these two algae have?

Spirulina is rich in protein and contains phycocyanin, while chlorella offers chlorophyll and detoxifying properties. Both algae are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

Who is Spirulina and Chlorella suitable for?

Spirulina and chlorella are suitable for vegetarians, vegans, athletes, and anyone looking to enrich their diet with nutrients. People with certain health conditions should consult a doctor first.

What makes Chlorella and Spirulina algae so valuable?

Their high nutrient density, including proteins, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, as well as their health-promoting properties, such as detoxification and immune system strengthening, make them valuable.

What valuable ingredients does the mixture of spirulina and chlorella algae provide?

The mix provides complete proteins, all essential amino acids, chlorophyll, phycocyanin, vitamins (B complex, C, E), minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium) and omega-3 fatty acids.

What can you use spirulina and chlorella algae for?

They can be used to boost the immune system, detoxify, improve digestion, support heart health, increase energy, and as a general dietary supplement.

What is the best way to take Spirulina and Chlorella tablets?

Take the tablets with plenty of water, ideally with meals. Start with a low dose and gradually increase according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Can children also use the tablets with chlorella and spirulina?

Children can take chlorella and spirulina after consulting a doctor. It is important to adjust the dosage appropriately for their age and to consider possible intolerances.

Does chlorella and spirulina contain gluten?

Chlorella and spirulina are naturally gluten-free, making them a safe supplement for people with gluten intolerance or celiac disease.

Spirulina or AFA algae: An alternative to chlorella?

Both spirulina and AFA algae (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) are good alternatives to chlorella. Each algae offers unique nutrients and health benefits, so the choice depends on individual needs.

8. Conclusion

Microalgae such as spirulina and chlorella are powerful natural dietary supplements. Hardly any other food can boast such a high nutrient density. They contain valuable proteins, vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants that strengthen the immune system, promote detoxification, and contribute to improving overall health and vitality. Spirulina is particularly valued for its high protein content, phycocyanin, and gamma-linolenic acid, while chlorella is known for its rich chlorophyll content and detoxifying effects. Both algae support healthy digestion and cardiovascular health, and can help regulate blood sugar levels. Their diverse dosage forms, such as powders, tablets, and capsules, make them easy to integrate into everyday life. However, it is important to pay attention to quality and dosage to avoid potential side effects and achieve the full health benefits. Overall, microalgae offer a comprehensive way to naturally enrich your diet.

More articles:
Chlorella algae
Spirulina algae

Sources

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Mehdinezhad N, Aryaeian N, Vafa M, et al. Effect of spirulina and chlorella alone and combined on the healing process of diabetic wounds: an experimental model of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2021;20(1):161-169. Published 2021 Jan 19. doi:10.1007/s40200-020-00723-w

Abreu AP, Martins R, Nunes J. Emerging Applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023;10(8):955. Published 2023 Aug 11. doi:10.3390/bioengineering1008095