Milk thistle contains compounds such as silymarin and silybin, which can protect and regenerate the liver. This plant is used to support liver health, particularly in cases of liver diseases such as fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, or toxin overload. Milk thistle is commonly taken in capsule or tea form, also for therapeutic purposes.

1. Milk thistle - briefly explained

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) originates from the Mediterranean region but is now found in many parts of the world, including Southern Europe, North Africa, Asia, and North America. It prefers sunny locations and grows in dry, sandy, or stony soils.

Milk thistle seeds are primarily used because they contain the highest concentration of the bioactive compounds silymarin and silybin. These seeds are processed into silymarin extracts, powders, or oils, which are used in dietary supplements and herbal remedies. The leaves and roots are also occasionally used in traditional medicine, but less frequently.

The health benefits of milk thistle, especially for the liver, are remarkable. It helps treat and prevent various liver diseases, including cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, and liver damage caused by alcohol or other toxins. Silymarin supports liver function by promoting the production of glutathione, an important antioxidant that helps protect the liver from damage.

Milk thistle can be used in various forms, including capsules, tablets, powder, or tea. The usual dosage of milk thistle extract is typically between 200 and 400 mg, taken two to three times daily. It is advisable to discuss the dosage with a doctor or healthcare provider, especially when treating specific conditions.

There are a few things to keep in mind when using milk thistle. Although it is generally well-tolerated, mild side effects such as stomach upset may occasionally occur. People with allergies to daisy family plants should avoid milk thistle.

2. Milk thistle active ingredients: Silymarin and Co

Milk thistle contains primarily bioactive compounds known as flavonolignans. The most important active compound in milk thistle is silymarin, which consists of several compounds, including:

Silybin (also called silibinin): This is the dominant compound in the silymarin complex. Silychristin and silydianin are other important components of the silymarin complex.

These compounds are known to support liver function by stabilizing liver cell membranes, reducing inflammation, and promoting the production of health-promoting substances such as glutathione.

In addition to flavonolignans, milk thistle also contains other natural compounds such as fatty acids, amino acids and essential oils.

Some vitamins and minerals are also important herbal ingredients of milk thistle

Vitamin E: A powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative stress.

Vitamin K: Supports blood clotting and bone health.

Selenium: An important trace element with antioxidant properties that supports liver function.

Zinc: Supports the immune system and is involved in numerous metabolic processes.

3. Milk thistle effects and health benefits?

Milk thistle offers a variety of health benefits, particularly for liver health. Its constituents act as powerful antioxidants that protect liver cells from damage caused by free radicals and toxic substances. Taking milk thistle or milk thistle extract with a high silymarin content can help prevent liver diseases such as fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, and liver damage caused by alcohol or medication, as well as reduce liver inflammation.

In addition, milk thistle supports digestion by improving liver and gallbladder function. This can promote the digestion of fats and relieve digestive discomforts such as bloating or fullness. The antioxidant properties of milk thistle help protect the entire body from oxidative stress, which is linked to various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.

Another potential benefit is cholesterol reduction. There is evidence that milk thistle may help lower cholesterol levels, which could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Milk thistle is also used as part of detox treatments to help the body eliminate toxins.

4. Milk thistle application: dosage, daily intake and dosage form

Milk thistle seeds are commonly used in the form of tea or dietary supplements.

A typical daily intake of 600 to 1200 mg of milk thistle extract is recommended, containing approximately 80% silymarin. It is advisable to take it with a meal to optimize absorption of the active ingredients.

When using milk thistle tea, about 1 to 2 teaspoons of milk thistle seeds are usually poured over hot water and allowed to steep for about 10 to 15 minutes. This tea can be consumed once or twice daily.

Capsules or tablets containing extracts are convenient and allow for precise dosing. They typically contain higher doses and are often used to achieve a stronger effect. In contrast, milk thistle tea offers a relaxed way to gently support the liver and provide milder protection.

5. Milk thistle side effects and risks

When using milk thistle, some important points should be considered:

Product quality: Make sure you buy high-quality milk thistle products from trusted manufacturers. Organic milk thistle is now available not only as tea but also as extracts that are guaranteed to be free of pesticides or additives.

Dosage: Follow the dosage instructions on the product label or as recommended by your doctor. Do not exceed the recommended daily intake unless your doctor recommends a higher dose for specific needs. The motto "more is better than more" does not apply here.

When to take: Milk thistle products should ideally be taken with a meal, as this can improve the absorption of the ingredients.

Side effects: Although milk thistle is generally well-tolerated, some people may experience mild stomach upset. Milk thistle may interact with certain medications, particularly those metabolized by the liver. Therefore, consult your doctor if you are taking other medications to avoid possible interactions.

Long-term use of milk thistle over several months is generally considered safe, but should be regularly monitored by a doctor, especially when used to treat chronic liver disease.

People with allergies to daisy family plants should avoid using milk thistle. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a doctor before use.

6. Frequently asked questions about milk thistle

What is the difference between organic milk thistle powder and milk thistle extracts?

The difference between organic milk thistle powder and milk thistle extracts lies in the method of production and the concentration of the active ingredients.

Organic Milk Thistle Powder: This is ground milk thistle seed powder. It contains the plant's natural components, including flavonolignans like silymarin, but in a less concentrated form than extracts.

Milk thistle extracts: These are produced by extracting the active ingredients from milk thistle seeds. As a result, the extracts are typically more concentrated and contain higher amounts of silymarin and other bioactive compounds.

The choice between powder and extract depends on the desired concentration of active ingredients and the intended application. Extracts are often preferred for therapeutic purposes, while powder represents a more natural form of dietary supplementation.

Which ingredients are important in milk thistle?

The most important ingredients of milk thistle are the active ingredient complex silymarin (consisting of silybin, silychristin, silydianin), flavonoids such as quercetin, amino acids such as arginine, essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid, as well as minerals (selenium, zinc) and vitamin E. These ingredients support liver health and provide antioxidant protection.

What effect does milk thistle have on the liver?

Milk thistle protects the liver in several ways:

Antioxidant effect: The silymarins contained in milk thistle act as powerful antioxidants. They neutralize free radicals that can cause cell damage, thus protecting liver cells from oxidative stress.

Anti-inflammatory properties: Milk thistle can reduce inflammation in the liver by inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory substances. This is important because inflammation can damage the liver and lead to further complications.

Stabilization of cell membranes: Silybin stabilizes the outer membrane of liver cells. This prevents harmful substances from penetrating the cells and causing damage.

Promotes regeneration: Milk thistle can promote the regeneration of damaged liver cells by supporting the growth of new healthy tissue and stimulating healing processes in the liver.

What effect does milk thistle have on the skin?

Milk thistle can support the skin through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It helps reduce skin inflammation such as acne, protects against free radicals, and can improve skin hydration. Milk thistle oil is particularly nourishing and promotes skin regeneration.

What effect does milk thistle have on the psyche?

The direct effect of milk thistle on the psyche is limited. However, healthy liver function, which is supported by milk thistle, can indirectly positively influence mood and well-being. A healthy liver contributes to the body's detoxification, which in turn can affect overall health and mental health.

Can taking milk thistle help with weight loss?

Milk thistle isn't used directly for weight loss, but it can help indirectly. By supporting liver health, milk thistle can improve metabolism and promote detoxification. Anti-inflammatory properties may also help alleviate metabolic problems. Nevertheless, a healthy diet and regular exercise are crucial for sustainable weight loss.

Are there any studies on milk thistle and cancer?

There are several studies that have examined the potential effects of milk thistle (silymarin) on various types of cancer. Some of these studies suggest that silymarin may have potential antitumor properties by inhibiting cell growth, influencing cell cycle regulation, and inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels in tumors.

However, it is important to note that the available data are mixed and further high-quality clinical trials are needed to determine the exact effect of milk thistle on cancer.

What should you pay attention to when taking milk thistle?

When taking milk thistle, it's important to use high-quality products and not exceed the recommended dosage. Ideally, take milk thistle with a meal to improve tolerability. Monitor for possible side effects such as stomach upset. Discuss taking it with your doctor, especially if you are taking other medications or are pregnant.

Does milk thistle have side effects?

Milk thistle is generally well-tolerated, but some people may experience mild side effects. These include occasional stomach upsets such as indigestion or nausea. Rarely, allergic reactions may occur, especially in people with allergies to daisy family plants.

People with a known allergy to milk thistle or other plants in the Asteraceae family (Daisy family) should avoid using milk thistle.

Which other medicinal plants can milk thistle be combined with?

Milk thistle can be combined with other medicinal plants to achieve various health benefits. Milk thistle, artichoke, and dandelion are a popular combination to further enhance the effects on the liver and digestion.

Dandelion: Together with milk thistle, dandelion can further support liver health and promote digestion.

Artichoke: Artichoke is another liver plant that can enhance the effects of milk thistle in liver diseases.

Celandine: This combination can be helpful in treating liver problems, especially gallbladder problems.

Turmeric: Turmeric has powerful anti-inflammatory properties and can be combined with milk thistle to promote overall liver and digestive health.

Peppermint: Peppermint can help relieve stomach upset and combines well with milk thistle tea.

7. Conclusion

Milk thistle is a traditional medicinal plant known primarily for its positive effects on liver health. Its bioactive compounds, particularly silymarin and silybin, protect and regenerate liver cells, thus supporting the treatment of liver diseases such as fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. It also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and digestive effects. When using it, attention should be paid to appropriate dosage and potential drug interactions. Overall, milk thistle is a valuable supplement for liver health, but should be used under medical advice.

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References

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Nawaz A, Zaib S, Khan I, Ahmed A, Shahzadi K, Riaz H. Silybum marianum: An Overview of its Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities with Emphasis on Potential Anticancer Properties. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2023;23(13):1519-1534. doi:10.2174/1871520623666230412111152

Wang X, Zhang Z, Wu SC. Health Benefits of Silybum marianum: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Applications. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(42):11644-11664. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04791

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